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I
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INTRODUCTION
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Chess, game of skill and strategy
between two people, played using specially designed pieces on a square board
comprised of 64 alternating light and dark squares in eight rows of eight
squares each. Chess, with a history that extends back thousands of years, is a
popular game played around the world.
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II
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HOW CHESS IS PLAYED
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In chess each player controls
an army comprised of eight pawns and eight pieces: one king, one queen, two
rooks (sometimes called “castles”), two bishops, and two knights. Although the
term pieces is sometimes used to refer to all 16 chess figures, it
technically does not refer to pawns. The two armies are of contrasting colors,
one light and the other dark, and are always called White and Black regardless
of their actual colors. The vertical columns on the board that extend from one
player to the other are called files, and the horizontal rows are called ranks.
The diagonal lines across the board are called diagonals.
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A
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Initial Setup
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The board is always placed for
play with a light square in the corner to the right of each player. White’s
pieces are set up on White’s first rank from left to right in the following
order: rook, knight, bishop, queen, king, bishop, knight, rook. Black’s pieces
are set up on Black’s first rank from left to right in the order of rook,
knight, bishop, king, queen, bishop, knight, rook. The pieces face their exact
counterparts at opposite ends of the board, and each queen stands on a square
of its own color. The pawns are placed on the second rank of each player,
directly in front of the pieces.
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B
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Moves of the Pieces
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White always moves first, and the
players then alternate turns. A move consists of transferring a man to another
square that is either vacant or occupied by an opponent’s man. If it is
occupied, the opponent’s man is captured (removed from the board and
replaced by the capturing man). The only exception is the king, which is never
captured (see Object of the Game below). A move to capture is not required
unless it is the only possible move.
Only one piece may be moved
each turn except when castling (see below). All pieces except the knight
move along straight, unobstructed paths; only the knight may move over or
around other pieces. The king moves one square in any direction, but not to a
square that is attacked by an enemy piece—that is, a square to which an enemy
piece can go on the next move. The queen moves as far as desired in any
uninterrupted direction. The rook moves as far as desired in any horizontal or
vertical direction. The bishop moves as far as desired in any diagonal
direction, but is confined to squares of the color on which it began the game.
The knight moves a distance of exactly two squares to a square of the opposite
color. The path of the move resembles the letter L—two squares horizontally or
vertically combined with one square at a right angle. The knight may go over or
around any piece in its way.
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B1
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Castling
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A player may move more than one
man during a turn only when castling, a special maneuver involving the king and
one rook. In castling, the king moves two squares to the left or right, and the
rook on that side moves to the square next to the king on the opposite side.
Castling is allowed only if (1) the king has not yet moved during the game and
is not threatened; (2) the rook on the castling side has not yet moved during
the game; (3) the squares between the king and that rook are vacant; (4) the
king does not pass through or end its move on a square that is attacked by an
enemy piece.
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B2
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Moves of the Pawns
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Each pawn, on its first move
only, may move straight ahead either one or two squares to a vacant square.
After that it may advance only one square at a time. Pawns, unlike the other
pieces, do not capture in the direction they move but capture diagonally one
square forward. When a pawn advances two squares on its first move and lands
next to an opponent’s pawn that is on an adjacent file and the same horizontal
row, the opponent’s pawn may capture it as if it had advanced only one square.
This capture is known by its French name, en passant (“in passing”). An
en passant capture must be carried out immediately or not at all (though the
advancing pawn may later be captured in the normal fashion).
When a pawn reaches the last
rank on the opposing side of the board, it is promoted—that is, converted to
any other piece of the same color (except another pawn or the king). The powers
of the new piece take effect immediately. Since a pawn is usually promoted to the
strongest piece—the queen—the move is often called queening. The number
of possible promotions is limited only by the number of pawns of each player. A
player may have two or more queens or other pieces at the same time.
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